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Demystifying Basic Stock Market Terms

The stock market can be a complex and intimidating place, especially for beginners. There are many terms and concepts that can be confusing, making it difficult to understand how things work. This blog post aims to demystify some of the most basic stock market terms, so you can feel more confident navigating the investment world. 1. P/E Ratio (Price-to-Earnings Ratio) The P/E ratio is a metric used to compare a company's stock price to its earnings per share (EPS). It essentially tells you how much you are paying for each rupee of a company's earnings. A higher P/E ratio can indicate that a stock is more expensive relative to its earnings, while a lower P/E ratio can indicate that a stock is cheaper. However, it is important to remember that the P/E ratio is just one factor to consider when evaluating a stock, and it should be compared to similar companies within the same industry. 2. Dividends Dividends are a portion of a company's profits that are paid out to its sharehol
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Deductions under Chapter VI A of the Income Tax Act



The deduction of Chapter VI-A of the Income Tax Act is not available for Goods Transport Agency (GTA) services.

As per Section 80-IA(2)(iv), deduction under Chapter VI-A is not available for income earned by a taxpayer from the business of providing services as a goods transport agency. Therefore, taxpayers who provide GTA services cannot claim deductions under Chapter VI-A for any expenses incurred in providing these services, such as salaries, fuel costs, maintenance expenses, etc.

However, taxpayers can still claim deductions under other sections of the Income Tax Act for expenses incurred in providing GTA services. For example, expenses related to owning and maintaining vehicles used for GTA services can be claimed as a deduction under Section 32 of the Income Tax Act. Similarly, expenses related to depreciation of assets used for GTA services can be claimed as a deduction under Section 32 of the Act.

It is important for taxpayers who provide GTA services to consult a tax professional or refer to the Income Tax Act to understand the deductions available to them and accurately calculate their tax liability.



Chapter VI A of the Income Tax Act provides for various deductions that can be claimed by taxpayers to reduce their taxable income. Here is a brief overview of the deductions available under this chapter:

  1. Section 80C: Deduction for Investments: This section provides for a deduction of up to Rs 1.5 lakh for certain investments and expenses, such as life insurance premiums, Public Provident Fund (PPF), Equity Linked Saving Scheme (ELSS), National Pension Scheme (NPS), etc.
  2. Section 80CCC: Deduction for Pension Funds: This section provides for a deduction of up to Rs 1.5 lakh for contributions made towards certain pension funds.
  3. Section 80CCD: Deduction for National Pension Scheme: This section provides for an additional deduction of up to Rs 50,000 for contributions made towards the National Pension Scheme (NPS).
  4. Section 80D: Deduction for Health Insurance: This section provides for a deduction of up to Rs 25,000 for payment of health insurance premium for self, spouse, and dependent children. An additional deduction of up to Rs 25,000 is available for payment of health insurance premium for parents.
  5. Section 80DD: Deduction for Disabled Dependent: This section provides for a deduction of up to Rs 75,000 for expenses incurred on medical treatment, rehabilitation, or maintenance of a dependent with a disability.
  6. Section 80DDB: Deduction for Medical Treatment: This section provides for a deduction of up to Rs 1 lakh for expenses incurred on medical treatment of specified diseases for self or dependent.
  7. Section 80E: Deduction for Education Loan: This section provides for a deduction of the entire interest paid on education loan for higher education.
  8. Section 80G: Deduction for Charitable Donations: This section provides for a deduction of donations made to certain charitable institutions or funds.
  9. Section 80GG: Deduction for Rent Paid: This section provides for a deduction of up to Rs 60,000 for rent paid by an individual who does not receive House Rent Allowance (HRA) from their employer.
  10. Section 80TTA: Deduction for Interest on Savings Account: This section provides for a deduction of up to Rs 10,000 on the interest earned on savings bank account.

These are some of the key deductions available under Chapter VI A of the Income Tax Act. Taxpayers should consult a tax professional or refer to the Income Tax Act for detailed information on eligibility and calculation of deductions.


  • Write down the non-availability of Chapter VIA deduction from certain Income


While Chapter VI A of the Income Tax Act provides for various deductions that can be claimed by taxpayers to reduce their taxable income, there are certain types of income for which these deductions are not available. Here are some of the cases where Chapter VI A deductions are not available:


  1. Long-term capital gains: Deductions under Chapter VI A are not available on long-term capital gains arising from the sale of assets such as stocks, mutual funds, or property.
  2. Short-term capital gains: Deductions under Chapter VI A are not available on short-term capital gains arising from the sale of assets such as stocks, mutual funds, or property held for less than 12 months.
  3. Income from winning lotteries, horse races, or other games of chance: Deductions under Chapter VI A are not available on income earned from winning lotteries, horse races, or other games of chance.
  4. Dividend income: Deductions under Chapter VI A are not available on dividend income earned from shares or mutual funds.
  5. Agricultural income: Deductions under Chapter VI A are not available on income earned from agriculture.
  6. Income from house property: Deductions under Chapter VI A are not available on income earned from a property that is let out or deemed to be let out.
  7. Business or profession income: Deductions under Chapter VI A are not available on income earned from a business or profession.

It is important for taxpayers to understand which income is eligible for deductions under Chapter VI A and which income is not, in order to calculate their taxable income correctly and avoid any penalties for incorrect tax filings.


  • Write down Various Deduction under chapter VIA for Individuals and HUF



Chapter VI A of the Income Tax Act provides for various deductions that can be claimed by individuals and Hindu Undivided Families (HUFs) to reduce their taxable income. Here are some of the key deductions available under this chapter:

  1. Section 80C: Deduction for Investments: This section provides for a deduction of up to Rs 1.5 lakh for certain investments and expenses, such as life insurance premiums, Public Provident Fund (PPF), Equity Linked Saving Scheme (ELSS), National Pension Scheme (NPS), etc.
  2. Section 80CCC: Deduction for Pension Funds: This section provides for a deduction of up to Rs 1.5 lakh for contributions made towards certain pension funds.
  3. Section 80CCD: Deduction for National Pension Scheme: This section provides for an additional deduction of up to Rs 50,000 for contributions made towards the National Pension Scheme (NPS).
  4. Section 80D: Deduction for Health Insurance: This section provides for a deduction of up to Rs 25,000 for payment of health insurance premium for self, spouse, and dependent children. An additional deduction of up to Rs 25,000 is available for payment of health insurance premium for parents.
  5. Section 80DD: Deduction for Disabled Dependent: This section provides for a deduction of up to Rs 75,000 for expenses incurred on medical treatment, rehabilitation, or maintenance of a dependent with a disability.
  6. Section 80DDB: Deduction for Medical Treatment: This section provides for a deduction of up to Rs 1 lakh for expenses incurred on medical treatment of specified diseases for self or dependent.
  7. Section 80E: Deduction for Education Loan: This section provides for a deduction of the entire interest paid on education loan for higher education.
  8. Section 80G: Deduction for Charitable Donations: This section provides for a deduction of donations made to certain charitable institutions or funds.
  9. Section 80GG: Deduction for Rent Paid: This section provides for a deduction of up to Rs 60,000 for rent paid by an individual who does not receive House Rent Allowance (HRA) from their employer.
  10. Section 80TTA: Deduction for Interest on Savings Account: This section provides for a deduction of up to Rs 10,000 on the interest earned on savings bank account.

These are some of the key deductions available under Chapter VI A of the Income Tax Act for individuals and HUFs. Taxpayers should consult a tax professional or refer to the Income Tax Act for detailed information on eligibility and calculation of deductions.



  • Write down the basic concept of Capital Gain


Capital gain refers to the profit earned by an individual or entity when they sell a capital asset, such as stocks, mutual funds, real estate, or any other asset that is not used for business purposes. The capital gain is calculated as the difference between the sale price or fair market value of the asset at the time of sale and the cost of acquisition or purchase price of the asset.

There are two types of capital gains: short-term capital gains and long-term capital gains. If an asset is held for less than 24 months before being sold, any profit earned from the sale is considered a short-term capital gain. If the asset is held for 24 months or more before being sold, any profit earned is considered a long-term capital gain. The tax treatment of short-term and long-term capital gains is different in India.

Short-term capital gains are taxed as per the individual's income tax slab rate. The gains are added to the individual's income and taxed accordingly. Long-term capital gains, on the other hand, are taxed at a lower rate of 20% with indexation benefit. Indexation benefit means that the purchase price of the asset is adjusted for inflation before calculating the capital gains tax liability.

Capital gains are an important source of income for individuals and entities who invest in capital assets. It is important for taxpayers to understand the concept of capital gains and the tax implications associated with them to accurately calculate their tax liability and file their tax returns in a timely manner.



In conclusion, Chapter VI-A of the Income Tax Act provides various deductions that can be claimed by individuals and HUFs to reduce their taxable income. However, these deductions are not available for income earned by taxpayers who provide services as a goods transport agency (GTA). Taxpayers who provide GTA services can still claim deductions under other sections of the Income Tax Act for expenses incurred in providing these services. It is important for such taxpayers to consult a tax professional or refer to the Income Tax Act to understand the deductions available to them and accurately calculate their tax liability.




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